
Mynd 1: Vinstra megin sést upphaf goshrinu í Kilauea Iki-eldgosinu á Hawaiieyjum 1959. Öflug kvikustrókavirkni með hárri framleiðni og tilheyrandi kvikustrókahraunum. Hægra megin sést hrauntjörnin í Kupaianaha frá Pu'u O'o-eldgosinu á Kilauea (sem var virk á árunum 1986-1992) og hraunstraumar frá henni.

Mynd 2 a): Hallabreyting á undirlagi breytir helluhrauni í apalhraun í Pu'u O'o-hraunbreiðunni á Kilauea-eldfjallinu á Hawaii. b) Útlitseinkenni gjallkarga apalhrauns og hraunkarga blakkahrauns frá Ngauruohoe-eldfjallinu á Nýja-Sjálandi, en kargi í því er brotinn upp í blokkir.
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- ^ Til dæmis Walker, G. P. L., 1991. Structure, and origin by injection of lava under surface crust, of tumuli, "lava rises", "lava rise pits" and "lava-inflation clefts" in Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 53, 546-558.; Hon K. og fleiri, 1994. Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: Observation and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 106, 351-370.; Self, S. og fleiri, 1996. A new model for the emplacement of the Columbia River Basalt as large inflated pahoehoe sheet lava flow fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 2689-2629.; Self, S., L. Keszthelyi og T. Thordarson, 1998. The importance of Pahoehoe. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26, 81-110.; Keszthelyi, L. og fleiri, 2000. Terrestrial analogs and thermal models for Martian flood lavas. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (E6), 15027-15049.; Calvari, S. og H. Pinkerton, 1998. Formation of Lava Tubes and Extensive Flow Field During the 1991-1993 Eruption of Mount Etna. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 27291-27301.; Calvari, S. og H. Pinkerton, 1999. Lava tube morphology on Etna and evidence for lava flow emplacement mechanisms. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 90, 263-280.; Harris, A J. L. og S. K. Rowland, 2001. FLOWGO: a kinematic thermo-rheological model for lava flowing in a channel. Bulletin of Volcanology , 63. 20-44.; Kauahikaua, J. og fleiri, 2003. Hawaiian Lava-flow dynamics during the Pu'u'O'O-Kupainaha eruption: A tale of two decades. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1676, 63-88.
- ^ Rowland, S. K. og G. P. L. Walker, 1987. Toothpaste lava: characteristics and origin of a lava-structural type transitional between pahoehoe and aa. Bulletin of Volcanology, 52, 631-641.; Hayakawa, Y. og M. Shirao, 1988. November 21-23, 1986 Izu Oshima 2B lava flows and their eruption. Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan, 33, 77-90.; Sumner, J. 1998. Formation of clastogenic lava flows during fissure eruption and scoria cone collapse: the 1986 eruption of Izu-Oshima Volcano, eastern Japan. Bulletin of Volcanology, 60, 195-212.; Heliker, C. og T. N. Mattox, 2003. The First Two Decades of the Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption: Chronology and Selected Bibliography. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1676, 1-28.; Hon, K., C. Gansecki, J. Kauahikaua, 2003. The Transition from 'A'a to Pahoehoe Crust on Flows Emplaced During the Pu'u O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1676, 89-104.
- ^ Kilburn, C. R. J., 2000. Lava flows and flow fields. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (H. Sigurdsson, B. F. Houghton, S. R. McNutt, H. Rymer og J. Stix ritstjórar).
- ^ Sigurður Þórarinsson, 1970. Hekla. Almenna bókafélagið, Reykjavík.